How do the Curricula of Different Provinces Compare on Controversial Subjects? Social Rules and Expectations for Children | Understood Such reading materials functioned as a type of social or cultural capital within their groups of friends. They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. The first part addresses the essential implication of race theory in adult education. Manitoba, for example, has a highly tracked mathematics program (McFeetors and Mason 2005). So far, this chapter has described the various ways that teachers and school practices contribute to the socialization of children. The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. The following are illustrative examples of socializing. This may severely limit their future ability of getting admitted to post-secondary training that leads to higher paying jobs with high status (Krahn and Taylor 2001). Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). This begins at birth and continues throughout life; Successful socialization enables people to fit into all kinds of social groups. 7. Students who have good relationships with their teacher are also likely to have better mental health, feel more connected to their school, and experience positive academic outcomes (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Box 6.2 What Do Academic and Applied Streams Look Like? Socialization in the Schooling Process Sociology of Education Schools with the most severe discipline problems usually have the worst social climates as well. Characteristics of the school, teachers, and the peer group all influence the socialization of children within school settings. In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). They tell us what to do, almost like whats right and whats wrong. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). Their program, called the Character Education and Virtues Program, rewards students every time they are caught doing a selfless act in the school.3 The students receive a paper bear that is placed on a wall for all to see, and by collecting enough of these, the students receive prizes. Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. Other agents of socialization are family, peers, religion, work, media, internet, and social media. 5. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). In this chapter, however, the main focus is on how schools contribute to the socialization of children. Raby (2005) and Pomerantz (2007) also suggest that dress codes are more likely to be enforced on more physically developed females or those who belong to stigmatized subgroups (e.g., Goths). Changes in specific school dress codes shift according to trends in popular fashion. Socializing This is the complete list of articles we have written about socializing. In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. Sussman et al. This is particularly striking because these differences in self-concept about abilities in math and science exist in studies even when there is no difference between the grades of males and females. Typically, socialization is thought of as something that happens to young people, but socialization occurs throughout ones lifetime. Students may have to stand in orderly lines in order to have a drink of water. She notes that while dress code infractions for girls typically are focused on body containment (e.g., showing too much cleavage), for boys it is about containing ethnic or racial identities. For example, with small children, socialization tends to focus on control of biological and emotional impulses, such as drinking from a cup rather than from a bottle or asking permission before picking something up. 1982). What were the characteristics of popular students? During socialization, a person learns to become a member of a group, community, or society. While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. 2010). Brunsma (2005, 2006) argues that in the United States, school uniforms have not been effective in addressing any of the issues they were intended to resolve. As noted by Sussman et al. Figure 6.3 summarizes the major forces of socialization within schools that were discussed. 11. Primary socializationoccurs within the family and is where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. 2004). Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. Such rules were routinely broken and created resentment among students for what they perceived as ridiculous rules that teachers spent far too much time enforcing, and were often seen to enforce in targeted and unegalitarian ways. What kinds of peer groups existed in your high school? Students who are less academically inclined are put into classes that better match their abilities and interests, like vocational training. There are various reasons that parents choose to home school their children. Box 6.4 Alternative Approaches to School Rules. There is a certain body of knowledge that it is assumed children must know in order to be productive citizens and function in society. In 2004, the Ontario Human Rights Commission provided evidence that since the adoption of the Safe Schools Act, a disproportionate number of students with various disabilities had been suspended or expelled (Bhattacharje 2003). In a study of 226 Canadian adults who had been home schooled as children, Van Pelt, Allison, and Allison (2009) explored how these individuals compared to a more general population of adult Canadians. This also has the effect of creating resentment and rule breaking among students, especially when they see the rules as pointless and arbitrary. Families and schools are major contributors to socialization, but there are other systems of socialization within ecological systems theory. School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. Peer groups can also be thought of as a form of social capital (see Chapter 2). Examples of teachers acting in morally suggestive ways occasionally make it into the mainstream media. An applied stream is called Consumer Mathematics, while the academic stream is called Pre-calculus Mathematics. Examples Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. Chapter 4-Socialization-Sociology.ppt School climate refers to the sense of belonging to a school community. Furthermore, socialization can be divided into two types: primary socialization and secondary socialization. Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. In contrast, Pre-calculus mathematics is described as designed for students who will be continuing studies at the post-secondary level in fields related to mathematics and science. But curriculum is just one aspect. Their focus on fashion and popular music largely shaped the popular girls lives and friendships with one another, as well as their relationships with other peers inside and outside of the school. The popular girls self-described their sense of fashion and interest in their appearance and popular culture. Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, After reading this chapter, you will be able to. The process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong; accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. The staff keep track of who is earning the bears, and perhaps more importantly, who is not. His teacher First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. Single-sex schools have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. Greig (2003) argues that proponents of such arguments are engaged in a discussion that assumes that boys are in need of gender repair (Lingard and Douglas 1999). The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. 10. Teachers who hold negative stereotypes about low-achieving or minority students may also expect such students to consistently perform poorly. Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. Agents Of Socialization: Family, School, Peers, And One reaction has been an outcry that educational standards are failing boys. Children who have negative relationships with teachers are also more likely to view school as an unpleasant place and be at a disadvantage in terms of learning. As Krahn and Taylor (2007) argue, students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have the ability to succeed in advanced academic courses, but an assortment of other factors may be reducing their likelihood of taking these courses. Box 6.1 Teaching Morality through Example and through Curriculum, Do students look at teachers as moral exemplars? They also found significant differences by province: students from Saskatchewan were much more likely to have university options than those in British Columbia, Alberta, or Ontario. At-risk children who display early aggression and signs of early offending can have these risks reduced if the school environment is a supportive one. While gender roles are learned in primary socialization in the family, they can become further enforced or challenged in the school environment (Leaper and Friedman 2007). Since the 1990s, however, this has reversed, with girls getting the higher scores, particularly in reading. The exceptions, of course, are private schools and many Catholic schools, where uniforms are traditional. Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. Schools were not equipped to deal with students with social and emotional disabilities, and it was these very students who were disproportionately punished through the Safe Schools Act. Socialization Research Paper A commitment to ones school and education; associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students. 1010 Chapter 4: Socialization, Interaction, and the Self Types of socialization: primary, secondary and tertiaryPrimary socialization. You might say that primary socialization is the most important since its the first stage you go through in childhood.Secondary socialization. Secondary socialization comes next. Tertiary socialization. Some authors talk about a third type of socialization in people, which begins with old age and goes into retirement. Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). Sokal (2010) found no evidence that computer-assisted literacy programs had any influence on Canadian males from low socioeconomic backgrounds who struggled with reading. Peer victimization and rejection have been found to be associated with psychological distress that carries over into adulthood (Ambert 1994; Bagwell, Newcomb, and Bukowski 1998; Roff 1990; Roth, Coles, and Heimberg 2002). What is the relationship between school rules and the socialization of students? Gender stereotypes, however, do exist in perceived competence and ability in subjects, with girls consistently indicating less confidence in their ability in science and math (see Simpkins, Davis-Deane, and Eccles 2006 for an overview). For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. The latter is oriented for someone who wishes to achieve university or post-secondary prerequisites (see Box 6.2 for some comparisons of applied and academic trajectories in Canada). Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with Pomerantz (2007) argues that dress codes work to contain young womens sexuality (p. 383) through the reproduction of a specific type of femininityone that is White, middle-class, and heterosexual. The development of the generalized other, where a child learns to adopt the attitudes of the wider society, occurs in secondary socialization. American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. Smaller groups of friends exist within the school setting, and these peer groups often have names that suggest the lifestyle characteristics of the members (Sussman et al. Wotherspoon and Schissel (2001) give an account of an alternative education program in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan called the Won Ska Cultural School. Peer aggression can also take the form of relational aggression, which has been identified as behaviour specific to girls (Artz 1998; Simmons 2002). Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. Research in Quebec has similarly found that when parents were asked why they home schooled, very rarely did they give reasons associated with religious or political beliefs (Brabant, Bourdon, and Jutras 2003). The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. Children who are accepted by their peers tend to have a more safe school environment, while those who have been rejected by their peers are at a greater risk of targeted harassment and bullying (Wentzel and Looney 2006). When peer group relationships are positive, it is reasonable to assume that the school environment is a supportive and potentially enjoyable one. When a student enters high school, the courses that he or she takes greatly influence the post-secondary options available to him or her upon graduation. As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. As noted by Wentzel and Looney (2006), there are several different social realities to which a child must adapt: In addition to learning different behaviours that are appropriate for school, there are also structural features of school to which children must adapt. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? It was emphasized that children have to learn how to be students and that the teacher is largely in charge of not only subject-specific education, but also the teaching of morals and values. Individuals of a similar age and social identity; in school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. Home schooled children typically follow the curriculum of their province of residence. That streaming has a positive effect on the academic attainment of high-ability groups has been documented by Ansalone (2001, 2003), although these gains are arguably at the expense of students in the lower-ability tracks (Sweet et al. Raby (2005, 2008) and Raby and Domitrek (2007) argue that the school is a place where young people are socialized, but that top-down rule making assumes passive citizenship where students are relatively powerless. Box 6.5 Declining Male Performance in ReadingA Moral Panic? They had a higher likelihood of participating in risky and illegal behaviour. Students will be required to sit still during lessons. Students who wish to attend university need to take a certain set of academic courses, for example. Currie and Kelly (2006) found that the popular girls in their study tended to be slim, dress in a sexy manner, and wear lots of makeup, according to non-popular girls. 2007)depending on who is doing them. Socialization What are the rationales behind the proposed solutions? Beattie (2004) also did research on an alternative school in Toronto called the Corktown Community High School. The term streaming is typically used to apply to formal processes of splitting students into ability groupings and is usually discussed in a manner that focuses on the individual student. This finding points to important differences in provincial educational policies and practices with regard to streaming. Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). Moral education is a subject taught at all cycles of school in Quebec. They suggest, interestingly, that drinking and sexual behaviours of young people can be perceived as festive social interactions and [a source of] popularity among teens and emerging adults, as well as representing a problem behaviour (Sussman et al. The third dimension of socialization is cultural conformity. Children must learn the work ethic that goes along with school and understand the goals of learning as well as adjusting their efforts according to teacher feedback. Socialization: Social institutions provide the structure within which individuals learn the norms and values of society. Sustainability | Free Full-Text | Analysis of Students’ Not all schools in Canada have top-down rule making, as described above and criticized by Raby (2005). School board rules also prohibit vandalism, aggression, and racist, homophobic, sexual, and gender-biased speech. All three dimensions refer to a type of conformity that identifies an ideal that students are expected to emulate. Students academic abilities are identified early in their academic career through the grades they receive. The family still remains an important part of childrens socialization, even when they enter into school. Customer Service Environment Group Dynamics Institutions Looking Moral education extends into areas beyond the display of particular virtues. In many ways, the teacher serves as a parental replacement during school hours, although this figure must be shared with many other children and the relationship is more emotionally distant. There are many new behaviours and experiences that children must adapt to when starting school for the first time. These labels are not easily shed and can have spillover effects into other areas of social interaction, such as peer relations and future teacher expectations (Jones 1972). Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. Studies have found that classrooms in the lower tracks have a variety of less desirable characteristics that undoubtedly impact on the learning of students such as less experienced teachers, less challenging coursework, and teachers with lower expectations of students (Katz 1999). Socialization Examples Agents of Socialization: Family, Education, Media, and Meanness, on the one hand, is a trait that is spurned by girls, yet, on the other hand, is associated with popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006). Characteristics of children that may be perceived to threaten classroom management may attract negative attention from teachers. (2010), such conditions can only negatively impact the achievements of these students and further constrain their post-secondary prospects. This is a basic but surprisingly complex and difficult process that benefits from experience, knowledge and effort. Explain how relationships with teachers and the social climate of the school impact upon socialization. The majority of these codes tend to focus on issues surrounding dress codes and behaviour toward other students, teachers, and staff, while some include zero tolerance policies. WebSocialization is the cultural process of learning to participate in a social group. The findings of research on the impact of school uniforms on school safety has, in general, not supported the premise of reduced behavioural problems in students (Han 2010) or school achievement (Yeung 2009). Effective school climates can positively influence students, despite their home conditions, race, gender, or social class (McEvoy and Welker 2000). A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. course sequence provides for the study of texts at a variety of different levels of sophistication, to meet the needs of a more diverse student population in terms of student aspirations and abilities, students who aspire to post-secondary education, but not necessarily to careers related to the English language arts, may register in this course sequence. Victim characteristics also differ by gender, as male victims are often not tough (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). Peer victimizationrefers to physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. How do children decide what courses they will take in secondary school? Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. Secondary socialization refers to the social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, like school. Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. A Historical Overview of Education in Canada, 6. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. Socialization Moral education and character education are even found in some provinces curricula (Box 6.1). As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. Prior to attending school, childrens main source of socialization comes from their families. Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. The role of teachers as a new authority figure in students lives was introduced earlier. Social experiences are required to develop communication and social skills. The role of peer groups was also discussed. Instead of occurring in the public sphere, girls resistance was contained to private spaces to avoid the risk of being criticized. Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. Behavioural conformityrefers to the types of self-regulations of the body that a student must control in order to fit into the school environment. Research in Canada suggests that non-White students perceive that school rules are unequally enforced (MacDonell and Martin 1986; Ruck and Wortley 2002). Outside of the core are two rings of moral instruction. Both male and female skaters also widely rejected the values associated with the popular crowd. In order to address the boy problem, the Ontario Ministry of Education has created guides for improving boys literacy.8 Booklets called Me Read? Recent immigrant youth may also be placed in lower tracks due to their English language skills, rather than their overall academic ability (Sweet et al. A significant part of a teachers job is to evaluate students and, often, to decide if a student is best suited for a particular ability track. Teacher education suggests that tailoring into ability groups allows for teachers to best match the learning needs of students. As noted by Sweet et al. How do students learn gender at school? How do they contribute to student socialization? WebInterests. As well, in such discussions, the impact that this would have on female students is rarely considered (Greig 2003). Within the family, children are socialized into particular ways of thinking about morals, cultural values, and social roles. As well, children who cannot engage themselves with the material being taught in the classroom may turn to disruption of peers due to boredom and frustration. The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. WebHowever, there are some ways in which school can be considered primary socialization. Current practices appear to reflect the desire to create obedient future employees or citizens (Raby 2005). As discussed later in this chapter, school rules and school codes of conduct are essential features of schools that frame behaviours in a manner such that they produce obedience to authority. Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. Similar to peer victimized children, peer rejection may occur simply because a child is perceived as being different in some way from other members of the peer group. From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. School provides a structured setting in which children can learn and develop social competencies, such as self-confidence, friendship, empathy, participation, respect, gratitude, compassion, and responsibility. Social and emotional learning is important for young people to become conscious members of a solidarity-based community.
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